| A clause in Fourth Amendment on which the Supreme Court relied in its decision in Brown v. Board to strike down segregationist state laws that has been built on the concept of "separate but equal." | |
| Break away from other parties and often center on an individual who has left a major party. | |
| Issues that are universally disliked i.e. corruption | |
| Party members can only vote for candidates in their party/Voters can vote for any candidate |