The number of individual scores that can vary without changing the sample mean. Statistically written as 'N-1' where N represents the number of subjects.
The branch of statistics that includes numerical, graphical, and tabular methods for organizing and summarizing data
A variable whose effect on the response variable cannot be separated from the effect of the explanatory variable on the response variable. Note: Usually confounded variables are lurking variables but only a few lurking variables are also confounded.
Not dependent on or conditioned by or relative to anything else